A History of UK Newspapers | Analysis

A History of UK Newspapers | Analysis This newspaper assignment will set out to critically analyse newspapers by comparing political persuasion, ownership, readership, content and style. The chosen two newspapers that will be analysed will be The Sun and The Guardian. The researcher has chosen to analyse, for this assignment a newspaper story exposing taxpayers cash being wasted by EU chiefs. A brief history of Newspapers British newspapers can be traced back to the 17th century, but they were very different to the types of newspapers many people read today, the information in these early newspapers mainly got distributed to the public in the form of posters, news sheets or pamphlets. The first true British newspaper to be published in Britain similar to the ones we read today was the Oxford Gazette in the year 1665. (London-gazette.co.uk). Although this newspaper was originally called the Oxford Gazette it later changed its name to the London Gazette because of a decision by King Charles the II to move his government to Oxford. The London Gazette from the beginning was a good source of reliable news, especially for information overseas. In fact Wellingtons Waterloo victory was published first in the London Gazette. (London-gazette.co.uk). Brief history of The Sun newspaper The Sun was first published on the 25th of January 1911 and was originally called The Daily Herald. Initially a left wing paper, it was printed periodically to offer support to strikers at the time. In 1922 it became the official newspaper of the (TUC) Trade Union Congress and was a Labour Party supporter at the time. (Historic newspapers.co.uk). After changing its name from The Daily Herald to The Sun, The Sun printed its first edition on the 15th of September 1964. After a short period of two months from the first edition, world media tycoon Rupert Murdoch acquired The Sun after unsuccessful bids by Robert Maxwell. (Historic newspapers.co.uk). The Sun newspaper is owned by The News Corporation Group and is part of the News Group Newspapers. Published daily it sells over 2899,310 copies per day, and at its peak in the mid 90s The Sun was selling over 4,000,000 newspapers a day. Normally considered to be Conservative, The Sun has been known for supporting the ruling party, and even supported Tony Blair during his three election wins. (Historic newspapers.co.uk). The readership age average of The Sun is 15-24 year old, having a higher % of male reading The Sun than females. The Southeast of England has been shown to have the highest readership of The Sun newspaper. (Ipsos-mori.com). Brief history of The Guardian newspaper The Guardian newspaper, originally known as the Manchester Guardian was first published on May the 5th 1821 and founded by a man named John Edward Taylor. The Manchester Guardians intention at the time was to promote liberal interest in the aftermath of the Peterloo Massacre and the growing campaign to repel Corn Laws that Manchester suffered from at the time. To begin with the newspaper was published weekly until 1836 when it was published every Wednesday and Saturday, by 1855 the newspaper became daily. (Guardian.co.uk). Under the editorship of C.P Scott, The Guardian achieved national and international recognition and held this post for 57 years. CP Scott bought the paper in 1907 pledging to uphold the principles of the founders, that the newspaper would retain its independence. After retiring from an active role in managing and editing the newspaper, C.P Scott passed control to his two sons John Russell as manager and Edward Taylor as editor, where these roles would remain until the death of C.P Scott in 1932. Unfortunately only four months after the death of his father, Edward Scott died and sole ownership was passed to J.R Scott. In 1936 this sole ownership was then formally passed to the trustees of The Scott Trust. In 1944 AD Wadsworth took the post of editor where in 1964 the editor and paper moved to London. (Guardian.co.uk). The political persuasion of The Guardian as always learned towards the left supporting Labour throughout most its history, however it has been known to support the LibDems and even supported Conservative in the 1955 election. (Guardian.co.uk). The average readership age of The Guardian is 24-34 year old, with a higher % of males reading The Guardian than females, London has the highest readership of this newspaper. (Ipos-mori.com). The difference between broadsheet and tabloid newspapers Income, age, social class and education have all been shown to have a positive correlation between who reads broadsheet or tabloid newspapers. Tabloid newspapers are usually smaller than broadsheet papers with a simple style, having many more photographs and often focusing on gossip and celebrity news rather than political affairs. Tabloids prefer to use a journalese style of writing promoting emotion in its readers using words like huge, crackdown, bubbly blonde, love rat, love child and cops instead of Police. Broadsheets in contrast like to use longer sentences and paragraphs often going into greater detail in their stories using a less dramatic approach in their writing style. (English lesson 2, newspaper hand out). Analysing the newspaper articles on Yuri Gagarins 50th anniversary first space flight The first main difference that is noticeable between the two chosen newspapers is the style of headlines, The Sun states in its headline First man in space parachuted into a ploughed field and had to borrow farmers phone to tell Moscow he was safe. The Sun is clearly using a comical approach in this headline trying to show the incompetence of the Russian space program at the time, in contrast The Guardian uses a more professional approach in its headlines stating Yuri, we have a problem: secrets of Gagarin trip revealed. The second noticeable difference is the introduction of the two stories, The Sun emphasiss emotion in its readers by using big words such as out of this world, huge blow, and his feat. However The Guardian hints at more informative facts within its story, taking a professional approach mentioning Newly released files cast light on hitches, drawing its readers into the story by hinting at facts and figures. The third noticeable difference between the two stories is how the two papers are structured. The Sun breaks its story up into little sections by using subheadings such as Orbit, Blurry and Spirit, making the story quicker and easier to read by jumping to certain sections of the story if the reader chooses too. The Guardian however chooses not to do this, making for a more comprehensive read. The fourth difference between the two papers is how they give the information within the story. The Sun chooses to give little snippets of information, giving their readers a choice to gain information quickly if they choose too, they do this by adding a timeline and adding subsections. The Guardian again, chooses not do this only giving their readers a choice of the main story or a sub story on a mall statue. The fifth difference is the style of picture between the two papers The Sun uses a larger more dramatic picture mixed with images such as the Vostok 1 blasting off, Gagarins funeral, Images of space and Yuri Gagarin in training. The Guardian however has a much smaller picture only showing Gagarin in his cosmonaut suit. The sixth and final difference between the two newspaper stories is how they are written. The Sun uses a journalese style of writing, for example its story has many words such as tiny, plunges, dramatic, plummeting and profoundly making for a very dramatic read. The Guardian however has a more down to earth approach to its story using more formal words such as technical, acceptable, apparatus and intrigue. Conclusion From analysing the two newspapers it can be clearly seen that they are designed to cater for two very different types of readers. The Guardian seems to be aimed for a more professional type of clientele. The reader of this paper will probably have a university education, with strong political views. The Guardian readers are also more likely commute to work on long train journeys. The style of writing in The Guardian paper gives a more comprehensive read with an in-depth approach to facts and figures it is perfectly suited to the more professional type of individual. The Sun, in contrast seems to be aimed at a totally different type of clientele. With its eye catching headlines and easy to read stories giving short snippets of information. This paper is ideally suited to the individual who is not that fussy on politics, whose education probably ended in college or secondary school, and makes short journeys to work getting small tea breaks throughout the day. The style of The Sun newspaper is perfectly suited to this type of individual who is probably on the go most of the day and doesnt get much time to take in the daily news.

Brindage Act 1902 Essay

1.The Brindage Act 1902 that was implemented on November 12,1902, prohibits the Filipinos to form or join groups against the US government. The Act was created in order to pacify the Filipinos so that it would be easier for the American government to execute their plans for the country. This law states that whoever continues to revolt against the Americans will be considered as thieves. Even though Americans tried to stop the activists, there were still some Filipinos like Macario Sakay that remained fighting. They were affected greatly by the law, because they cannot walk streets without getting themselves arrested. And although they had the rich people funding them from the beginning, it was stop, therefore it led to the lack of food and arms. The bandoleros continued fighting even though some of their fellow Katipuneros surrendered to the US. I consider them heroes and patriots even though it is said that the country is in a â€Å"peaceful situation†, because they were fighting for the independence they fought since the Spanish times. 2.The First Philippine Republic or the Malolos Republic was established along with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution. This was said to be the end of the Spanish rule. First President Emilio Aguinaldo changed the revolutionary government to a dictatorial and later went back to the revolutionary government. Malolos Republic has its President, Cabinet Members and Ministers, but in my opinion, it is still premature. The departments are messed up like the Department of Foreign Affairs, Navy and Commerce; Department of War and Public Works; Department of Police, Internal Order, Justice, Education and Hygiene; Department of Finance, Manufacturing Industry. It’s as if it was hastened just so they could form departments. I also believe that if this was a successful government, it would last longer, and the Americans could have let go of us to be an independent country.

Where to Buy Sodium Hydroxide

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), or lye, is a common ingredient in many science projects, particularly chemistry experiments, as well as in homemade soap and wine. Its also a caustic chemical, so its not as easy to find in stores as it used to be. Some shops carry it as Red Devil lye with laundry supplies. Its also found, usually in an impure form, in solid drain cleaners. Craft stores carry lye for soapmaking. There is also food-grade sodium hydroxide, sold in some specialty cooking stores. You can find sodium hydroxide online. You can purchase it at Amazon as sodium hydroxide or lye, pure lye drain opener, caustic soda, and pure or food-grade sodium hydroxide. Depending on your project, you may be able to substitute potassium hydroxide (KOH), which has similar chemical properties and is easier to find. However, these two chemicals arent the same, so if you make the substitution, expect slightly different results. How to Make Sodium Hydroxide If you cant purchase sodium hydroxide, you can use a chemical reaction to make it. You will need: Table salt (sodium chloride, nonionized)2 Carbon electrodes (from zinc-carbon batteries or graphite pencil leads)Alligator clipsWaterPower supply (such as a 9-volt battery) In a glass container, stir salt into water until it dissolves. Do not use an aluminum container or aluminum utensils because sodium hydroxide will react with and damage them.Place the two carbon rods in the container (do not allow them to touch).Use alligator clips to connect each rod to a terminal of the battery. Let the reaction proceed for about seven hours. Place the setup in a well-ventilated space, as hydrogen and chlorine gas will be produced. The reaction produces a sodium hydroxide solution. You can use it as such or you can evaporate it off the water to concentrate the solution or obtain solid lye. This is an electrolysis reaction, which proceeds according to the chemical equation: 2 NaCl(aq) 2 H2O(l) → H2(g) Cl2(g) 2 NaOH(aq) Another way to make lye is from ashes, as follows: Boil ashes from a hardwood fire in a small amount of distilled water for about half an hour. Getting a large amount of lye requires a lot of ashes. Hardwood ash (such as oak) is preferable to softwood ash (such as pine) because softer woods contain a lot of resin.Let the ashes sink to the bottom of the container.Skim the lye solution from the top. Evaporate the liquid to concentrate the solution. Note that lye from ashes is relatively impure but should be good enough for many science projects or to make soap. To make a crude soap from homemade lye, simply combine lye with fat. Sodium Hydroxide Projects Once you have lye, use it in a variety of science projects. You can make a sodium hydroxide solution to use as a base, homemade soap, or water glass for homemade magic rocks, or try the gold-and-silver magic pennies experiments.

Aristophanes Charge And Socrates - 1876 Words

Aristophanes’ Charge and Socrates’ apologia Aristophanes’ Clouds , a satirical comedy, presents the conflict between politics and philosophy, considering philosophy as a destructive influence upon the life of the polis and harmful to the civic virtue which is significant in maintaining the stability in political order. In the play, Aristophanes depicted Socrates as an investigator of the thing aloft, as a teacher of how to make the weaker speech the stronger, and as a disbeliever in Zeus and the traditional gods. Almost a quarter century after Aristophanes’ Clouds was first performed, in 399 BCE, Socrates was brought to trial with the indictment that he was guilty of corrupting the young and of not believing in the gods in whom the city believes, but in other new spiritual things. As for the accusation, Socrates himself in the defense speech Apology believed that Aristophanes’ play led directly to the charges brought against him. To understand why Socrates confirmed that Aristophanes was one of the accuser s who put him on the trial, one possible way is to look at the Aristophanes’ charge against Socrates in the Clouds. 1. Socrates taught people to do injustice with unjust speech and corrupted the young. In the play, Socrates did not act as the traditional Athenians did, and did not distinguish good from bad and behave justly according to the rule of the city. Instead, Socrates would like to teach anyone, good or bad, the skills of just and unjust speech, if the person wasShow MoreRelated Socrates Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesThe problem remains making philosophy friendly to politics. The questioning of authoritative opinions is not easily accomplished nor is that realm of philosophy - the pursuit of wisdom. Socrates was the instigator of the conflict. While the political element takes place within opinions about political life, Socrates asks the question quot;What is the best regime and how should I live?quot; Ancient thought is riddled with unknowns and can make no such statement as quot;how should I live.quot; TheRead MoreAristophanes’ Clouds a Satyr Play Written in 419 BCE1161 Words   |  5 PagesAristophanes’ Clouds, if read hastily, can be interpreted as a mindless satyr play written in 419 BCE. Yet the chorus warns the reader not to expect the play to have farcical ploys like â€Å"a hanging phallus stitched on† the actors to evoke a laugh, but to take note of underlying seriousness as â€Å"she [the play] comes in trusting only her words† (Clouds 538-44). Even if the play does use some low devices, the play’s message is sophisticated and can be read as a warning to Socrates. Aristophanes isRead MoreEssay Clouds vs. The Apology1649 Words   |  7 Pages Clouds vs. The Apology In Aristophanes Clouds and in Platos Apology we see extensive fictional representations of the historical figure, Socrates, who left us no literary works under his own name. When comparing these two representations, readers often assume, as a result of the nature of the comedic genre, that Aristophanes portrayal of Socrates is exaggerated and fallacious. On the other hand, Platos account is often taken more seriously as a result of the philosophical genre and theRead MoreClassical Essay780 Words   |  4 Pages In the books; The Clouds written by Aristophanes, and The Apology, written by Plato, the philosopher Socrates is portrayed in two different ways. Plato, being a loyal follower of Socrates, portrays him as being a very simple man who is always open to learning new wisdom. However, Aristophanes portrays him as an atheist who practices sophistry along with a number of different crimes. 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His ideology, teachings, and beliefs are still discussed, debated, and quoted to this day. Using one of his students, Plato and looking at Aristopha nes work, one can draw concluding thoughts on why Socrates brought so much controversy to the table and how both perspectives seem to tell a different story. Socrates was a Greek philosopher between 470BC to 399BC. He is rememberedRead MoreSocrates’ Speech in Apology975 Words   |  4 PagesAristophanes’ Clouds, if read hastily, can be interpreted as a mindless satyr play written in 419 BCE. Yet the chorus warns the reader not to expect the play to have farcical ploys like â€Å"a hanging phallus stitched on† the actors to evoke a laugh, but has underlying seriousness as â€Å"she [the play] comes in trusting only her words† (Clouds 538-44). Even if the play does use some low devices, the play’s message is sophisticated and can be read as a warning to Socrates. Aristophanes is a â€Å"friendlyRead MoreSocrates: The Dichotomy between Aristophanes and Plato’s Depictions1489 Words   |  6 Pages Socrates: The Dichotomy between Aristophanes and Plato’s Depictions Ignorance: the condition of being uninformed or uneducated; this basic definition is crucial to understanding one of the most controversial figures in ancient Athenian society: the philosopher Socrates. The man’s entire life was devoted to proving the fact that no one actually knew what they thought they did; that everyone lived in ignorance. This viewpoint earned Socrates many enemies, so many that even a renowned playwrightRead MoreApology : The Apology Of Apology1399 Words   |  6 PagesThe Apology The Apology is meant to defend Socrates as he stands accused by Athens. Considering how Socrates presents his defense, it is evident that he only uses the title of apology as justification but not as a regret statement or expression of sorrow. The apology was made after Socrates was accused with ungodliness as well as corrupting the youth in Athens by alienating powerful people in the practice of Socratic dialogue. The Socratic dialogue is a process attempting to clarify concepts suchRead MoreSocrates s View On Plato s The And Aristophanes s The Clouds1371 Words   |  6 Pagestruths, Socrates in the Clouds has little interest in either exploring the ethical truth or helping others get out of â€Å"Plato’s cave†. Instead, he is portrayed as a sophist who corrupts people with mysterious and useless knowledge, ignores traditional Athenian education, and debilitates Athenian men. Compared to Plato’s focus on Socrates’s wisdom reflected in the dialogue, the Clouds is a distorted interpretation of Socrates’s elenchus. Rather than justifiably criticizing Socrates, Aristophanes depicts